Professor Tracey Devonport

Professor of Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences

  • Email T.Devonport@wlv.ac.uk
  • Faculty FEHW
  • Campus City Campus
  • School School of Psychology
  • Areas of expertise

    As a sport and exercise enthusiast, I enjoy teaching and research in sport and exercise contexts, but also general psychology in respect of concepts such as stress, coping, and emotion regulation. To date, my professional outputs include 81 papers published in peer-reviewed academic journals, 3 books, 22 book chapters, and 12 professional papers.



I am a Professor of Applied Sport and Exercise Science within the School of Psychology at the University of Wolverhampton (UoW). I have:

-   Substantial record of international publications including 3*/4* ranked outputs

-   Evidence of impact of research on practice

-   Long history of consultancy and applied research with high performance athletes and clubs as a HCPC registered Sport Psychologist

-   Significant research leadership experience as director of the Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre (SPARC 2018-2023), Athena SWAN Champion, and Research Excellence Framework (REF 2021) coordinator for UoA24

-   Extensive evidence of peer-esteem

-   Track record of external research funding

-   Effective mentoring of early career researchers, PhD supervisions and completions

My research interests primarily lie around stress, coping, and emotion regulation. In particular I am interested in applied research with a focus on intervention development and delivery. Other research interests include emotional intelligence, emotional eating, self-control, self-efficacy, and body image.

Member of the Chartered Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (CASES)

Member of the British Psychological Scoeity (BPS)

 

Professional Qualifications

2013- Present: Chartered Sport and Exercise Scientist by the Chartered Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences

2009 - Present: Sport and Exercise Psychologist registered with the Health Care Professions Council.

2005 - Present: British Psychological Society (BPS) Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist.

2002 - Present: British Association of Sport and Exercise Science (CASES) Accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist (support).

2001 - 2007:                University of Wolverhampton

                                    PhD – Stress and coping in national junior netball

 

1999 - 2000:                Coventry University

                                    Postgraduate Certificate in Education (Higher Education)

 

1996 - 1999:                Sunderland University

                                    Graduate Diploma in Psychology

 

1995 - 1997:                University of Huddersfield

                                    Postgraduate Certificate in Education (Further Education)

 

1993 - 1994:                 Leeds Metropolitan University

                                    MSc Sport and Exercise Science

 

1990 - 1993:                Liverpool John Moores University

                                    BSc Hons 2:1 Sport Science

Peer Reviewed Journal publications:

 

1.       Dawe, H., Ruiz, M. C., & Devonport, T. J. (In press). It’s in the Water: A Qualitative Exploration of the Perceived Effects of Outdoor Open Water Swimming on Swimmers’ Psychological Well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,

2.       Lu, J., Ngo, J. K., Wong, D. P., Devonport, T. J., & Wyon, M. A.  (In press). The Effects of Eight-week Dance and Tai Chi Randomised Controlled Trial on Balance, Wellbeing and Moods among Healthy Adults Aged 18-60: A Study Protocol. Journal of Dance Medicine and Science

3.       Kent, S., Potts, A., & Devonport, T. J. (In press). “The Degree of Success”: Using ecological momentary assessment to examine the stressors, primary appraisal, and coping experiences of dual-career badminton athletes, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,

4.       Ngo, J. K., Lu, J., Cloak, R., Wong, D. P., Devonport, T. J., & Wyon, M. A. (2024). Strength and conditioning in dance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Sciences, 24, 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12111

5.       Barker, L., Ruiz, M. C., Nevill, A., Cloak, R., Lane, A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2024). Dietary Restraint and Emotional Eating among Elite/International Combat Sport Athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-18.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2024.2308884

6.       McIntosh, S., Lane, A. M., Nicholls, W., & Devonport, T. J. (2023). Investigating the Effects of a Physical Education (PE) Kit Intervention on Female Adolescent Body-esteem. Children 2023, 10(6), 938-951. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060938

7.       Nicholls, W., Lloyd, J., Shepherd, K., McArdle, P., Tellwright, H., & Devonport, T. J. (2023). Remote and Digital Interventions for Weight Management in the NHS: A Qualitative Evaluation. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 17(2), 158-165. 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.03.003

8.       Ruiz, M. C., Devonport, T. J., Chen-Wilson, C-H (J)., Nicholls, W., Cagas, J. Y., Fernandez-Montalvo, J., Choi, Y. & Robazza, C. (2023). Brief emotional eating scale: A multinational study of factor structure, validity, and invariance. Appetite, 185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106538

9.       Kent, S., Devonport, T. J., & Arnold, R. (2023). Stress and Coping Experiences of Professional Football Managers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Sport Psychologist, https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2022-0100

10.   Devonport, T. J., Meijen, C., & Lloyd, J. (2022). Walking on thin ice: Exploring demands and means of coping during an extreme expedition. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 17(1) https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jhpee/vol17/iss1/7

11.   Devonport, T. J., Leflay, K., Biscomb, K., Richardson-Walsh, H., Richardson-Walsh, K & Thelwall, M. (2022). ‘Nobody needs a label’: Responses on Facebook to a Team GB Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Initiative. Sport in Society, https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2115365

12.   Devonport, T. J., Chen-Wilson, C-H (J), Nicholls, W., Robazza, C., Cagas, J. Y., Fernandez-Montalvo, Y., Choi, Y., & Ruiz M. C. (2022). A Seven-Day Remote Intervention to Manage Food Cravings and Emotions during the COVID-19 Pandemic, Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903096

13.   Devonport, T. J., Ward, G., Morrissey, H., Burt, C., Harris, J., Burt, S., Patel., R., Manning, R., Paredes, R., & Nicholls, W. (2022). A Systematic Review of the Determinants of Mental Health among Black African, Black Caribbean and Black-mixed Ethnicity UK Populations: Implications for Action. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01352-0

14.   Thelwall, M., Devonport, T. J., Meiko, M., Russell, K., & Ferguson, L. (2022). Academic LGBTQ+ terminology 1900-2021: Increasing variety, increasing inclusivity? Journal of Homosexuality, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2070446

15.   Lane, A. M., Beedie, C. J., Devonport, T. J., & Friesen, A. (2021). Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention. Sports, 9(11), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9110156

16.   Maurice, J., Devonport, T. J., & Knight, C. J. (2021). Towards improved triadic functioning/working: Exploring the interactions and adaptations of coaches, parents and athletes in professional academy soccer through the adversity of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609631

17.   Kent, S., Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., & Nicholls, W. (2021). Implementing a pressure training intervention to improve decision-making and execution of skill among premier league academy soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1868618

18.   Ruiz, M. C., Devonport, T. J., Chen-Wilson, C-H (J)., Nicholls, W., Cagas, J. Y., Fernandez-Montalvo, J., Choi, Y. & Robazza, C. (2021). A cross-cultural exploratory study of health behaviours and wellbeing during Covid-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608216

19.   Devonport, T. J., Powell, E., Nevill, A. M., & Brady, A. (2020). The Effects of Integrating Children from Lower and Upper Primary School Years during Lunch Times on Physical Activity and Social Behavior. Sport Behavior, 43 (4), 405-425.

20.   Maurice, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2020). COVID-19: A commentary on implications for Academy Football players athletic identity and wellbeing. Journal of Health and Social Care Improvement, 3(2)

21.   Warwicker, K., & Devonport, T. J. (2020). Objective Researcher or Emotional Being? Journal of Health and Social Care Improvement, 3(2)

22.   Kent, S., Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., & Nicholls, W. (2020). The importance of contextualization when developing pressure intervention: An illustration among age-group professional soccer players. Psychreg Journal of Psychology 4(2), 22-45. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3871272

23.   Devonport, T. J., Russell, K., & Leflay, K. (2019). Examining the Construction of Identity among High Performance Male and Female Athletes using Photography. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1614973

24.   Friesen, A., Stanley, D. M., Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2019). Regulating own and teammates’ emotions prior to competition. Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, 105, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019014

25.   Devonport, T. J., Russell, K., Leflay, K., & Conway, J. (2018). Gendered Performances and Identity Construction among UK Female Soccer Players and Netballers: A Comparative Study. Sport in Society. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2018.1504773

26.   McIntosh-Dalmedo, S., Devonport, T. J, Nicholls, W., & Friesen, A. P. (2018). Examining the effects of sport and exercise interventions on body image in adolescent girls? A systematic review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 41(1) 

27.   Kent, S., Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., Nicholls, W., & Friesen, A. P. (2018). Effects of Coping Interventions on Ability to Perform Under Pressure: A Systematic Review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 17, 40-55.

28.   Devonport, T. J, Nicholls, W., Johnston, L. H., Gutteridge, R., & Watt, A. (2018). It’s not just ‘What’ you do, it’s also the ‘Way’ that you do it: Patient and Public Involvement in the Development of Health Research. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(2), 152-156. DOI: 10.1093/INTQHC/MZX177

29.   Fullerton, C., Lane, A. M., Nevill A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2018). Does the brief self-control scale assess relatively stable individual differences in self-control? Journal of Sport Behavior, 41(1), 27-39.

30.   Fullerton, C. L., Lane, A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2017). The influence of a pacesetter on psychological responses and pacing behavior during a 1600m run. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16, 551-557.

31.   Lane, A. M., Terry, P., Friesen, A.P., Devonport, T. J., & Totterdell, P. (2017). A test and extension of Lane and Terry’s (2000) conceptual model of mood-performance relationships using a Large Internet Sample. Frontiers, 8, 470.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00470

32.   Devonport, T. J, Nicholls, W., & Fullerton, C. (2017). A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behavior in normal and overweight adult populations, Journal of Health Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317697813

33.   Nevill, A. M., Hemingway, A., Greaves, R., Dallaway, A., & Devonport, T. J. (2016). Inconsistency of decision making, the Achilles heel of referees. Journal of Sport Sciences, 12, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1265143

34.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., Stanley, D. M., & Beedie, C. J. (2016). The effects of brief online self-help intervention strategies on emotions and satisfaction with running performance. Sensoria, 30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7790/sa.v12i2.441

35.   Friesen, A., Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. (2016). Beyond the technical: The role of emotion regulation in lacrosse officiating. Journal of Sport Sciences, 35, 579-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1180419

36.   Lane, A. M., Totterdell, P., MacDonald, I., Devonport, T. J., Friesen, A., Beedie, C. J., Stanley, D. M., & Nevill, A. (2016). Brief online training enhances competitive performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK psychological skills intervention study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00413

37.   Devonport, T. J., Lane, A., & Fullerton, C. L. (2016). Introducing sport psychology interventions: Self-control implications. The Sport Psychologist, 30, 24 – 29. doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0120

38.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., Friesen, A. P., Beedie, C. J., Fullerton, C. L., & Stanley, D M. (2016). How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster? European Journal of Sports Science, 16(4), 465-472. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1080305

39.   Nicholls, W., Devonport, T. J., & Blake, M. (2015). The association between emotions and eating behavior in an obese population with binge eating disorder. Obesity Reviews, 17(1):30-42. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12329

40.   Nicholls, W., Pilsbury, L., Blake, M., & Devonport, T. J. (2015). The attitudes of student nurses towards obese patients: A questionnaire study exploring the association between perceived causal factors and advice giving. Nurse Education Today, 37, 33-37. doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.11.009

41.   Friesen, A., Devonport, T. J., Sellars, C., & Lane, A. (2015). Examining interpersonal emotion regulation strategies and moderating factors in Ice Hockey. Athletic Insight, 7 (2), 143-160.

42.   Friesen, A., Devonport, T. J., Sellars, C., & Lane, A. (2015). Interpersonal emotion regulation: An intervention case study with a professional Ice Hockey team. Athletic Insight, 7 (2), 129-142.

43.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2014). In it together: Dyadic coping among doctoral students and partners. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism 15, 124–134. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2014.08.002

44.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2014). I want to be a sport and exercise psychologist: UK Career Pathways. Athletic Insight, 6, 3,

45.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2014). Evaluation of a twelve-month coping intervention intended to enhance future-oriented coping in goal oriented domains. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8, 38 – 56. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0011

46.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2013). Emotions and emotion regulation in a female couple undergoing In Vitro Fertilization treatment. Psychology, 4, 25-33. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2013.46A1004

47.   Friesen, A. P., Devonport, T. J., Sellars, C. N., & Lane, A. M. (2013). A narrative account of decision-making and interpersonal emotion regulation using a social-functional approach to emotions, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 203-214. DOI:10.1080/1612197X.2013.773664

48.   Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., & Biscomb, K. (2013). Exploring coping strategies used by national adolescent netball players across domains, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7, 161– 177.

49.   Devonport, T. J., Crone, D., & Lane, A. M. (2012). Coping with unexpected loss of water supply among regular exercisers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35 (4), 355-376.

50.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Beedie, C. J. (2012). Can anger and tension be helpful? Relationships between emotions and emotional intelligence during optimal performance. Athletic Insight, 14, (3), 187-198. http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol14Iss3/Anger.htm

51.   Stanley, D. M, Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Beedie, C. J. (2012). I run to feel better; so why I am thinking so negatively. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 208-213. DOI: 10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120206.03

52.   Friesen, A., Lane, A., Devonport, T., Sellars, C., Stanley, D., & Beedie, C. (2012). Emotion in sport: Considering interpersonal emotion regulation strategies. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 139-154. DOI:10.1080/1750984X.2012.742921

53.   Stanley, D. M., Beedie, C. J., Lane, A. M., Friesen, A. P., & Devonport, T. J. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies used in the hour before running. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 10, 159-171. DOI:10.1080/1612197X.2012.671910

54.   Lane, A. M., Beedie, C. J., Jones, M. V., Uphill, M., & Devonport, T. J. (2012). The BASES Expert Statement on emotion regulation in sport. The Journal of Sport Sciences, 30, 1189-1195. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.693621

55.   Lane, A. M., Beedie, C. J., Devonport, T. J., & Stanley, D. M. (2011). Instrumental emotion regulation in sport: Relationships between beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation strategies used by athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21, 445-451. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01364.x

56.   Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., & Lloyd, J. (2011). Keeping your cool: A case study of a female explorers solo North Pole expedition. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 22(4), 333-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.07.003

57.   Lane, A. M., Beedie, C. J., Devonport, T. J., & Stanley, D. M. (2011). Validity of the Emotion Regulation of Self Scale among in runners. Psychology, 2 (6), 633-637. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2011.26097

58.   Gill, G., Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., & Devonport, T. (2011). Relationships between emotional intelligence, psychological skills. Indian Journal of Fitness, 7, 9-16.

59.   Lane, A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2011). Concurrent Validity of the Emotional Intelligence Scale for use in sport. International Journal of Motor Learning and Sport Performance (IJMLSP), 1, 33-36.

60.   Lane, A. M., Davis, P. A., & Devonport, T. J. (2011). Effects of music interventions on emotional states and running performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10, 400-407. http://www.jssm.org/vol10/n2/22/v10n2-22abst.php

61.   Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2011). Differential assessment of emotions and moods: Development and validation of the Emotion and Mood Components of Anxiety Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 228-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.034

62.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., Soos, I., Leibinger, E., Karsai, I., & Hamar, P. (2010). Emotional intelligence, mood states and successful and unsuccessful performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 388-392.

63.   Lane. A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Stevens, M. (2010). Relationships between emotional intelligence, pre-race and post-race emotions in 10-mile runners. Athletic Insight, 2 (3), 205-219. http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol12Iss3/Run.htm

64.   Davies, K. A., Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Scott, J, A. (2010). Validity and reliability of a brief emotional intelligence scale: The BEIS-10. Journal of Individual Differences, 31 (4), 198-208.

65.   Lane, A. M., Meyer, B. B., Devonport, T. J., Davies, K. A., Thelwell, R., Gill, G. S., Diehl, C. D. P., Wilson, M., & Weston, N. (2009). Validity of the Emotional Intelligence Scale for use in sport. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8, 289-295. http://www.jssm.org/vol8/n2/19/v8n2-19text.php

66.   Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional Intelligence and Mood States associated with Optimal Performance. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(1), 67-73. http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/issue/current

67.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M.  (2009). Reflecting on the delivery of a longitudinal coping intervention amongst junior national netball players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8, 169-178.

68.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2009). Utilizing mentors to facilitate the delivery of a longitudinal coping intervention amongst national junior netball players. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 7 (2), 50-63.

69.   Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social Behaviour and Personality, 37, 195-202.

70.   Biscomb, K., Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2008). Evaluating the use of Computer-Aided Assessment in Higher Education. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 7, 82-88.

71.   Devonport, T. J., Biscomb, K., & Lane, A. M.  (2008). Sources of stress and the use of anticipatory, preventative and proactive coping by Higher Education lecturers. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 7, 70-81.

72.   Mahoney, A., Devonport, T., & Lane, A. M.  (2008). The effects of interval feedback on the self-efficacy of netball umpires. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 7, 39-46.

73.   Devonport, T. J. (2006). Perceptions of the contribution of psychology to success in elite kickboxing. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5, 99-107.

74.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2006). Cognitive appraisal of dissertation stress among undergraduate students. The Psychological Record, 56, 259-266.

75.   Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2006). Relationships between self-efficacy, coping and student retention. Social Behaviour and Personality, 34 (2), 127-138.

76.   Devonport, T. J., Lane, A. M., & Hanin, Y. (2005). Emotional states of athletes prior to performance induced injury. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 4, 382 – 394.

77.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Horrell, A. (2004). Self-efficacy and research methods. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 3, 25-37.

78.   Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., Milton, K. E., & Williams, L. (2003). Self-efficacy and dissertation performance among Sport students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 2, 59-66.

79.   Smith, D., Driver, S., Lafferty, M., Burrell, C., & Devonport, T. (2002). Social desirability bias and the Direction-modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 945-952.

80.   Hall, R., Lane, A. M., & Devonport, T. J. (2002). Relationships between mood and anxiety among runners: Test of two conceptual models. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 63-64.

81.   Smith, D., Holmes, P., Whitemore, L., Collins, D., & Devonport, T. (2001). The effect of theoretically-based imagery scripts on field hockey performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 408-419.

I am registered as a Sport and Exercise Psychologist with the Health Care Professions Council. Other certifications include; Chartered Psychologist with the British Psychological Society, accredited with the Chartered Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (CASES) for scientific support (Psychology) and a Chartered Scientist. I was made a Fellow of BASES in 2015. I have provided services as an accredited sport psychology consultant for more than 20 years, predominantly working with junior national athletes in sports such as Gymnastics, Tennis, Swimming, Badminton, Judo, Hockey, and Netball. In recent years I have become increasingly involved in helping individuals (young to older adults) to reap the benefits of a physically active lifestyle. 

 

In 2014, at the University of Wolverhampton's Vice Chancellors Awards for staff excellence, I was runner-up for the 'Excellence in Research' award, subsequently winning this award in 2017. In 2013 I was nominated by students for the 'above and beyond' – teaching excellence award, and in 2023 and 2018 I was nominated for the 'dissertation supervisor of the year' award.

Areas of PhD stuent I have supervised to sucessfull completion include:

Coping with stress in elite sport

Performing under pressure in elite sport

Emotional intelligence in sport

Emotions and emotion regulation (including intrapersonal and interpresonal)

Exercise for mental health

Body image in sport

Mindfullness and exercise 

Emotional eating (including cultural considerations and by gender)

Emotions supporting restrained eating

 

N/A